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    • 专利摘要:
    An embodiment provides a positive active material for a rechargeable lithium battery including nickel-based lithium transition metal oxide secondary particles in which a plurality of primary particles are aggregated, wherein the primary particles include polycrystalline primary particles composed of 2 to 10 single crystals and the single crystal has a particle diameter of about 0.5 µm to about 3 µm.
    公开号:EP3708542A1
    申请号:EP20163171.0
    申请日:2020-03-13
    公开日:2020-09-16
    发明作者:Youngsun KONG；Kiyong Ahn；Jinyoung Kim；Sung Ho Choo；Seonyoung Kwon
    申请人:Samsung SDI Co Ltd；
    IPC主号:C01G53-00
    专利说明:
    [0001] A positive active material for a rechargeable lithium battery, a method of preparing the same, and a rechargeable lithium battery including the same are disclosed. (b) Description of the Related Art
    [0002] In order to meet down-sizing and high performance of various devices, rechargeable lithium batteries have become increasingly important in terms of down-sizing and weight reduction as well as high energy density. In addition, high capacity and high temperature stability of rechargeable lithium batteries, and stability at a high voltage become important to apply to electric vehicles and the like. Various positive active materials have been investigated to realize rechargeable lithium batteries for applications to the uses. Nickel-based lithium transition metal oxides including Ni, Co, Mn, etc. simultaneously provide a higher discharge capacity per unit weight than conventional LiCoO2, but have a lower packing density and a lower capacity per unit volume of the positive active material. In addition, in the case of a rechargeable lithium battery using the nickel-based lithium transition metal oxide, stability during high voltage driving may be reduced. Therefore, as a method of providing a high-capacity rechargeable lithium battery, it is required to improve packing density and thermal stability of the nickel-based lithium transition metal oxide, so that a mixture density of the positive electrode plate, cycle-life characteristics, and stability characteristics at high voltage driving may be improved. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
    [0003] An embodiment provides a positive active material having improved phase stability of the crystal structure.
    [0004] Another embodiment is to provide a method of preparing the positive active material.
    [0005] Another embodiment provides a rechargeable lithium battery including the positive active material having improved high voltage cycle-life characteristics.
    [0006] An embodiment provides a positive active material for a rechargeable lithium battery including nickel-based lithium transition metal oxide secondary particles in which a plurality of primary particles are aggregated, wherein the primary particles include polycrystalline primary particles composed of 2 to 10 single crystals and the single crystal has a particle diameter of about 0.5 µm to about 3 µm.
    [0007] The polycrystalline primary particles may be included in about 30% or more relative to the total number of the primary particles.
    [0008] The primary particle may have a particle diameter of about 2 µm to about 5 µm.
    [0009] The secondary particle may have a particle diameter of about 10 µm to about 40 µm.
    [0010] The positive active material may have a peak intensity ratio I(003)/l (101) of about 9 to about 11 measured by an X-ray diffraction analysis.
    [0011] The positive active material may have a peak intensity ratio I(003)/I(104) of about 1.6 to about 2.0 measured by an X-ray diffraction analysis.
    [0012] The electrode plate including the positive active material may have a peak intensity ratio I(003)/I(104) of about 3.8 to about 4.5 measured by an X-ray diffraction analysis.
    [0013] The nickel-based lithium transition metal oxide may be a compound represented by Chemical Formula 1:         [Chemical Formula 1]     LiXNi1-a-b-cCoaMnbMcO2
    [0014] In Chemical Formula 1,0.9≤x≤1.2, 0<a≤0.4, 0≤b≤0.4, 0≤c≤0.1, andM is at least one element selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, W, Zn, Al, Si, Cr, Fe, V, and a rare earth element.
    [0015] The nickel-based lithium transition metal oxide may include LiNi0.9Co0.08Al0.02O2, LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2, LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2, LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2, Li1.01Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2, or a combination thereof.
    [0016] Another embodiment provides a method of preparing the positive active material that includes mixing an aqueous solution including a nickel compound and a cobalt compound with a basic solution, performing a co-precipitation reaction followed by drying the resultant to prepare a transition metal precursor; and mixing the transition metal precursor, a lithium compound, and an inert surfactant and performing heat-treatment to prepare a positive active material.
    [0017] The transition metal precursor may have a tap density of greater than about 2.0 g/cm3 and less than or equal to about 2.5 g/cm3.
    [0018] The transition metal precursor may be a compound represented by Chemical Formula 2, Chemical Formula 3, or a combination thereof:         [Chemical Formula 2]     LixNi1-a-b-cCoaMnbMc(OH)2          [Chemical Formula 3]     LixNi1-a-b-cCoaMnbMcO
    [0019] In Chemical Formula 2 and Chemical Formula 3,0.9≤x≤1.2, O<a≤0.4, 0≤b≤0.4, 0≤c≤0.1, andM is at least one element selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, W, Zn, Al, Si, Cr, Fe, V, and a rare earth element.
    [0020] The transition metal precursor and the lithium compound may be mixed so that a Li/metal (transition metal except Li) mole ratio is greater than about 1.0 and less than about 1.1.
    [0021] The lithium compound may be lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, lithium sulfate, lithium nitrate, or a combination thereof.
    [0022] The inert surfactant may be included in an amount of less than or equal to about 1 part by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the transition metal precursor.
    [0023] The heat-treatment may be maintained for about 15 hours to about 25 hours at a temperature of greater than about 800 °C and less than 900 °C.
    [0024] Another embodiment provides a rechargeable lithium battery including the positive electrode including the positive active material; a negative electrode including a negative active material; and an electrolyte.
    [0025] At least some of the above and other features of the invention are set out in the claims
    [0026] The battery capacity may be improved by increasing density of the positive active material, and structural stability of the positive active material may be improved, thereby reducing a gas generation amount. Accordingly, thermal stability and cycle-life characteristics, in particular high-voltage cycle-life characteristics, may be improved. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
    [0027] FIG. 1 is a perspective view schematically illustrating a structure of a rechargeable lithium battery according to an embodiment. FIGS. 2A, 3A, and 4A are EBSD (electron backscatter diffraction) photographs of the positive active materials prepared according to Example 1, Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 2, respectively. FIGS. 2B, 3B, and 4B are SEM (scanning electron microscope) photographs of the positive active materials prepared according to Example 1, Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 2, respectively. FIG. 5 is a graph showing high-temperature gas generation amount of the coin cells prepared according to Example 1, Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 2.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
    [0028] Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure are described in detail. However, the present disclosure is not limited to these embodiments and the present disclosure is defined by the scope of the claims.
    [0029] A positive active material for a rechargeable lithium battery according to an embodiment includes nickel-based lithium transition metal oxide secondary particles in which a plurality of primary particles are aggregated, wherein the primary particles include polycrystalline primary particles composed of 2 to 10 single crystals and the single crystal has (e.g. the single crystals have) a particle diameter of about 0.5 µm to about 3 µm.
    [0030] The single crystal may have a particle diameter of about 0.5 µm to about 3 µm, for example greater than or equal to about 0.5 µm, greater than or equal to about 0.6 µm, greater than or equal to about 0.7 µm, greater than or equal to about 0.8 µm, greater than or equal to about 0.9 µm, or greater than or equal to about 1 µm and less than or equal to about 3 µm, less than or equal to about 2.8 µm, less than or equal to about 2.6 µm, less than or equal to about 2.5 µm, less than or equal to about 2.3 µm, less than or equal to about 2.1 µm, or less than or equal to about 2 µm. When the particle diameter of the single crystal is within the above range, crystal density of the single crystal is high, so that the crystal structural stability may be improved, and mixture density and stability during high voltage driving of the positive active material including the same may be improved. As a result, battery capacity and high-voltage cycle-life characteristics may be improved.
    [0031] In the present disclosure, the particle diameter may be defined as the average particle diameter (D50) based on about 50% of the volume cumulative amount in the particle size distribution curve. The particle diameter may be, for example, measured by an electron microscopy examination using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or a field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), or a laser diffraction method. It may be measured by the laser diffraction method as follows. The particles to be measured are dispersed in a dispersion medium and then introduced into a commercially available laser diffraction particle size measuring apparatus (for example, MT 3000 of Microtrac), ultrasonic waves of about 28 kHz are irradiated with an output of about 60W, and an average particle diameter (D50) in 50% reference of the particle size distribution in a measuring apparatus may be calculated. The primary particles comprise (e.g. are) polycrystalline primary particles that are composed of 2 to 10 single crystals, for example 2 or more, or 3 or more, and 10 or less, 9 or less, 8 or less, 7 or less, 6 or less, or 5 or less of single crystals. Accordingly, the structural stability of the positive active material may be improved by the single crystals having the same orientation (single orientation). In addition, since the grain boundary in the primary particles becomes a migration path of lithium ions, structural stability of the positive active material may be improved and capacity characteristics of the battery may be improved.
    [0032] In general, one single crystal grows into a primary particle. However, in the present disclosure, by controlling a growth rate of the single crystal forming the primary particles, by setting temperature conditions so as not to grow between grain boundary surfaces, and by mixing a high density precursor, an excess of lithium compound, and an inert surfactant, a positive active material including the polycrystalline primary particles may be produced.
    [0033] The polycrystalline primary particles may be included in about 30% or more, about 30% to about 90%, about 30% to about 80%, about 30% to about 70%, or about 30% to about 60% relative to the total number of the primary particles.
    [0034] The primary particle may have a particle diameter of about 2 µm to about 5 µm, for example, about 3 µm to about 5 µm. When the particle diameter of the primary particles is within the above range, a mixture density of the positive active material may be increased, thereby improving capacity characteristics of the battery.
    [0035] The particle diameter of the secondary particles may be about 10 µm to about 40 µm, for example, about 10 µm to about 20 µm or about 10 µm to about 15 µm. When the size of the secondary particles is within the above range, a mixture density of the positive active material may be increased to improve capacity characteristics of the battery.
    [0036] At this time, the size of the single crystal, the number of polycrystalline primary particles, the number of single crystals constituting the polycrystalline primary particles, the size of the primary particles, and the size of the secondary particles may be measured as based on a cross section of the nickel-based lithium transition metal oxide secondary particles.
    [0037] The nickel-based lithium transition metal oxide may be a compound represented by Chemical Formula 1.         [Chemical Formula 1]     LixNi1-a-b-cCoaMnbMcO2
    [0038] In Chemical Formula 1,0.9≤x≤1.2, 0<a≤0.4, 0≤b≤0.4, 0≤c≤0.1, andM is at least one element selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, W, Zn, Al, Si, Cr, Fe, V, and a rare earth element.
    [0039] The nickel-based lithium transition metal oxide may include, for example, LiNi0.9Co0.08Al0.02O2, LiNi0.8CO0.1Mn0.1O2, LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2, LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2, Li1.01Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2, or a combination thereof.
    [0040] The peak intensity ratio I(003)/I(101) measured by an X-ray diffraction analysis of the positive active material may be about 9 to about 11, for example, about 10 to about 11 or about 10 to about 10.5.
    [0041] In the X-ray diffraction analysis, each of the peak intensity I(003) and I(101) means the intensity I(003) of the (003) plane peak and the intensity I(101) of the (101) plane peak. The peak intensity ratio I(003)/I(101) is an intensity ratio between the (003) plane peak and the (101) plane peak, and is a parameter for evaluating a degree of uniform orientation of the crystal grains. Specifically, the (101) plane represents a plane perpendicular to a migration path plane of lithium ions. As the degree of orientation of the crystal plane of the layered structure is increased, the peak intensity of the (101) plane is decreased. Therefore, since the same crystal orientation plane increases as the orientation is higher, the peak intensity of the (101) plane is decreased, so that I(003)/I(101) is increased. That is, as the peak intensity ratio I(003)/I(101) is increased, it means that a stable positive active material structure is formed. When the peak intensity ratio I(003)/I(101) is within the above range, the stability of the crystal structure of the positive active material may be improved.
    [0042] The peak intensity ratio I(003)/I(104) measured by an X-ray diffraction analysis of the positive active material may be about 1.6 to about 2.0, for example about 1.6 to about 1.95, about 1.6 to about 1.9, about 1.6 to about 1.8, or about 1.6 to about 1.75 and the peak intensity ratio I(003)/I(104) measured by an X-ray diffraction analysis of the electrode plate including the positive active material may be about 3.8 to about 4.5, for example, about 3.9 to about 4.4, about 4.0 to about 4.4, about 4.1 to about 4.4, or about 4.2 to about 4.4.
    [0043] In the X-ray diffraction analysis, the peak intensities I(003) and I(104) respectively mean the intensity I(003) of the (003) plane peak and the intensity I(104) of the (104) plane peak, respectively. In addition, the peak intensity ratio I(003)/I(104) is an intensity ratio between the (003) plane peak and the (104) plane peak, and is a parameter for evaluating a degree of cation mixing or cation exchange. When the peak intensity ratios I(003)/I(104) of the positive active material and the electrode plate including the positive active material are within the above ranges, respectively, stability of the crystal structure of the positive active material is improved, and an expansion ratio and a shrinkage ratio according to adsorption/release of lithium may be improved. Therefore, the capacity characteristics of a battery may be improved.
    [0044] Hereinafter, a method of preparing a positive active material according to an embodiment is described.
    [0045] A method of preparing the positive active material may include mixing an aqueous solution including a nickel compound and a cobalt compound with a basic solution, performing a co-precipitation reaction followed by drying the resultant to prepare a transition metal precursor; and mixing the transition metal precursor, a lithium compound, and an inert surfactant, and performing heat-treatment to prepare a positive active material.
    [0046] Examples of the nickel compound include Ni(OH)2, NiO, NiOOH, NiCO3·2Ni(OH)2·4H2O, NiC2O4·2H2O, Ni(NO3)2·6H2O, NiSO4, NiSO4·6H2O, fatty acid nickel salts, nickel halides. These nickel compounds may be used alone or in mixture of two or more types.
    [0047] Examples of the cobalt compound include Co(OH)2, CoOOH, CoO, Co2O3, Co3O4, Co(OCOCH3)2·4H2O, COCl2, Co(NO3)2·6H2O, CoSO4, and Co(SO4)2·7H2O. These cobalt compounds may be used alone or in mixture of two or more types.
    [0048] The aqueous solution including the nickel compound and cobalt compound may optionally further include a metal compound or manganese compound, and examples of the metal compound include salts, oxy hydroxides, halides, and the like including at least one selected from Mn, Ni, Co, Al, Fe, V, Ti, and Cr (e.g. Al, Fe, V, Ti, and Cr). These metal compounds may be used alone or in mixture of two or more types.
    [0049] Examples of the manganese compound include manganese oxides such as Mn2O3, MnO2, and Mn3O4, manganese salts such as manganese acetate, manganese dicarboxylate salts, manganese citrate, fatty acid manganese salts, MnCO3, Mn(NO3)2, and MnSO4, oxy hydroxides, and halides such as manganese chloride. These manganese compounds may be used alone or in mixture of two or more types.
    [0050] The transition metal precursor may be a high density transition metal precursor.
    [0051] In order to make a high density transition metal precursor, a particle growth rate should be slowed down during the co-precipitation reaction, and the precursor should be prepared so that pores are not generated in the transition metal precursor.
    [0052] The drying should be performed in such a condition that only the moisture may be dried without deforming the transition metal precursor structure. For example, a slight vacuum may be applied to dry quickly and uniformly without raising a drying temperature.
    [0053] Specifically, the drying may be performed at about 80 °C to about 150 °C for about 10 hours to about 30 hours. The co-precipitation reaction product may be dried at the above temperature and time ranges to obtain a high density transition metal precursor.
    [0054] The transition metal precursor prepared may have a tap density of greater than 2.0 g/cm3 and less than or equal to about 2.5 g/cm3, about 2.05 g/cm3 to about 2.4 g/cm3, about 2.1 g/cm3 to about 2.3 g/cm3, or about 2.15 g/cm3 to about 2.25 g/cm3. When the tap density of the transition metal precursor exceeds 2.0 g/cm3, single crystal particles may be easily separated to prevent single crystal particles from growing into primary particles having independent shapes. When the tap density of the transition metal precursor is within the above range, the primary particles may be grown into a polycrystal composed of 2 to 10 single crystals.
    [0055] The tap density refers to a mass of a powder consisting of particles per unit volume, that is a density of the powder with which pores between particles is uniformly filled after being tapped or vibrated. Factors having an influence on the tap density may include particle size distribution, moisture content, particle shape, cohesiveness, and the like. Fluidity and compressibility of a material may be predicted through the tap density. The tap density may be measured based on ASTM D4781, and may be calculated using the equation of TD =W/V (TD: tap density, W: weight (g) of sample, and V: volume of sample after tapping).Meanwhile, the transition metal precursor prepared by the above process may be a hydroxide precursor, an oxide precursor, or a combination thereof. For example, the transition metal precursor may be a compound represented by Chemical Formula 2, Chemical Formula 3, or a combination thereof:         [Chemical Formula 2]     LixNi1-a-b-cCoaMnbMc(OH)2          [Chemical Formula 3]     LixNi1-a-b-cCoaMnbMcO
    [0056] In Chemical Formula 2 and Chemical Formula 3,0.9≤x≤1.2, 0<a≤0.4, 0≤b≤0.4, 0≤c≤0.1, andM is at least one element selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, W, Zn, Al, Si, Cr, Fe, V, and a rare earth element.
    [0057] The oxide precursor represented by Chemical Formula 3 may be prepared by appropriately heat treating the hydroxide precursor represented by Chemical Formula 2.
    [0058] Subsequently, the transition metal precursor, the lithium compound, and the inert surfactant are mixed and heat-treated to prepare a positive active material according to an embodiment.
    [0059] In this case, the transition metal precursor and the lithium compound may be mixed so that the Li/metal (transition metal except Li) mole ratio may be greater than about 1.0 and less than about 1.1, for example about 1.01 to about 1.06. Thus, crystallinity of the primary particles included in the positive active material may be improved.
    [0060] The inert surfactant may be MgSO4, Na2SO4, NaCl, KCl, NH4Cl, MgCl2, NaHCO3, and the like. The inert surfactant may be added in an amount of less than or equal to 1 part by weight, for example less than or equal to about 0.5 parts by weight, about 0.05 to about 0.5 parts by weight, or about 0.1 to about 0.5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the transition metal precursor. When an excessive amount of the inert surfactant is added, the crystal structure of the positive active material may be deformed. On the other hand, when a small amount of the inert surfactant is added, it is difficult to suppress a grain boundary growth (interface growth) of the particles and it may grow into primary particles having independent shapes.
    [0061] The lithium compound may be lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, lithium sulfate, lithium nitrate, or a combination thereof.
    [0062] The heat-treating may be performed at a temperature higher than the heat-treating temperature for producing a conventional positive active material, for example, it is preferable that the heat-treating may be performed for about 15 hours to about 25 hours at a temperature of more than about 800 °C and less than about 900 °C, and preferably about 830 °C to about 870 °C. When the heat-treating temperature and the reaction time are within the above ranges, overgrowth of secondary particles or primary particles constituting the positive active material may be suppressed. In addition, the positive active material according to the embodiment may be prepared by mixing a high density precursor, an excess of a lithium compound (Li/metal mole ratio of more than 1.0 and less than 1.1), and an inert surfactant and then by heat-treating the resultant within the above temperature range.
    [0063] On the other hand, the heat-treating process may be performed in an oxidizing gas atmosphere including about 80 volume % to about 100 volume % by volume of oxygen, thereby accelerating a calcination reaction.
    [0064] Another embodiment provides a rechargeable lithium battery including a positive electrode including the positive active material; a negative electrode including a negative active material; and an electrolyte.
    [0065] The positive electrode may include a positive current collector and a positive active material layer formed on the positive current collector. The positive active material layer may include the positive active material, a binder, and optionally a conductive material.
    [0066] The positive current collector may include aluminium, nickel, and the like, but is not limited thereto. The positive active material layer may include a positive active material and optionally include a positive binder and a conductive material.
    [0067] The positive active material is as described above, and may be included in an amount of about 95 wt% to 99 wt% based on a total amount of the positive active material layer.
    [0068] The cathode active material layer may optionally further include a conductive material and a binder.
    [0069] The conductive material is included to improve electrode conductivity. Any electrically conductive material may be used as a conductive material unless it causes a chemical change. Examples of the conductive material may include a carbon-based material such as natural graphite, artificial graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, carbon fiber and the like; a metal-based material of a metal powder or a metal fiber including copper, nickel, aluminium, silver, and the like; a conductive polymer such as a polyphenylene derivative; or a mixture thereof.
    [0070] The binder adheres the positive active material particles to each other well, and also serves to adhere the positive active material to the current collector. The binder includes a non-water-soluble binder, a water-soluble binder, or a combination thereof.
    [0071] The non-water-soluble binder may include an ethylene propylene copolymer, polyacrylonitrile, polystyrene, polyvinylchloride, carboxylated polyvinylchloride, polyvinylfluoride, polyurethane, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamideimide, polyimide, or a combination thereof.
    [0072] The water-soluble binder may be a rubber-based binder or a polymer resin binder. The rubber-based binder may be a styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), an acrylated styrene butadiene rubber (ABR), an acrylonitrile butadiene rubber, an acrylic rubber, a butyl rubber, a fluorine rubber, and a combination thereof. The polymer resin binder may be selected from polypropylene, an ethylene oxide-containing polymer, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyepichlorohydrin, polyphosphazene, an ethylene propylene diene copolymer, polyvinylpyridine, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, latex, polyester resin, an acrylic resin, a phenolic resin, an epoxy resin, polyvinyl alcohol, and a combination thereof.
    [0073] When using a water-soluble binder as the positive binder, it may further include a cellulose-based compound that may impart viscosity as a thickener. As the cellulose-based compound, one or more types of carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, alkali metal salts thereof, and the like may be mixed. The alkali metal may include Na, K, or Li. The thickener may be included in an amount of about 0.1 parts by weight to 3 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the positive active material.
    [0074] The negative electrode may include a negative current collector, a negative active material layer disposed on the negative current collector, and may further include a negative functional layer disposed on the negative active material layer.
    [0075] The negative current collector may be selected from a copper foil, a nickel foil, a stainless steel foil, a titanium foil, a nickel foam, a copper foam, a polymer substrate coated with a conductive metal, and a combination thereof.
    [0076] The negative active material layer may be disposed on the negative current collector. The negative active material layer may include a negative active material, and optionally a negative conductive material and a negative binder.
    [0077] The negative active material may include a material that reversibly intercalates/deintercalates lithium ions, a lithium metal, a lithium metal alloy, a material capable of doping/dedoping lithium, or a transition metal oxide.
    [0078] Examples of the material capable of reversibly intercalating/deintercalating the lithium ions may include a carbonaceous material, that is, a carbon-based negative active material generally used in a rechargeable lithium battery. Representative examples of the carbon-based negative active material may be crystalline carbon, amorphous carbon, or a combination thereof. The crystalline carbon may be non-shaped, or sheet, flake, spherical, or fiber shaped natural graphite or artificial graphite. The amorphous carbon may be a soft carbon, a hard carbon, a mesophase pitch carbonization product, fired coke, and the like.
    [0079] The lithium metal alloy includes an alloy of lithium and a metal selected from Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Si, Sb, Pb, In, Zn, Ba, Ra, Ge, Al, and Sn.
    [0080] The material being capable of doping/dedoping lithium may be a silicon-based material, for example, Si, SiOx (0<x<2), a Si-Q alloy (wherein Q is an element selected from an alkali metal, an alkaline-earth metal, a Group 13 element, a Group 14 element, a Group 15 element, a Group 16 element, a transition metal, a rare earth element, and a combination thereof, but not Si), a Si-carbon composite, Sn, SnO2, a Sn-R alloy (wherein R is an element selected from an alkali metal, an alkaline-earth metal, a Group 13 element, a Group 14 element, a Group 15 element, a Group 16 element, a transition metal, a rare earth element, and a combination thereof, but not Sn), a Sn-carbon composite and the like. At least one of these materials may be mixed with SiO2. The elements Q and R may be selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, Rf, V, Nb, Ta, Db, Cr, Mo, W, Sg, Tc, Re, Bh, Fe, Pb, Ru, Os, Hs, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, B, Al, Ga, Sn, In, Ge, P, As, Sb, Bi, S, Se, Te, Po, and a combination thereof.
    [0081] The transition metal oxide may include a lithium titanium oxide.
    [0082] The negative active material may be included in an amount of about 95 wt% to about 99 wt% based on a total amount of the negative active material layer.
    [0083] The negative active material layer may optionally further include a negative conductive material and a negative binder. The negative conductive material and the negative binder may be those described as the positive conductive material and the positive binder, respectively.
    [0084] The electrolyte includes a non-aqueous organic solvent and a lithium salt.
    [0085] The non-aqueous organic solvent serves as a medium for transferring ions taking part in the electrochemical reaction of the battery.
    [0086] The non-aqueous organic solvent may include a carbonate-based, ester-based, ether-based, ketone-based, alcohol-based, or aprotic solvent. The carbonate-based solvent may include dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dipropyl carbonate (DPC), methylpropyl carbonate (MPC), ethylpropyl carbonate (EPC), methylethyl carbonate (MEC), ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC), and the like and the ester-based solvent may include methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, t-butyl acetate, methylpropionate, ethylpropionate, γ-butyrolactone, decanolide, valerolactone, mevalonolactone, caprolactone, and the like. The ether-based solvent may include dibutyl ether, tetraglyme, diglyme, dimethoxyethane, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrofuran, and the like and the ketone-based solvent may include cyclohexanone, and the like. The alcohol-based solvent may include ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, and so on, and examples of the aprotic solvent include nitriles such as R-CN (wherein R is a C2 to C20 linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon group that may include a double bond, an aromatic ring, or an ether bond), amides such as dimethylformamide, dioxolanes such as 1,3-dioxolane, sulfolanes, and so on.
    [0087] The non-aqueous organic solvent may be used alone or in a mixture of two or more. When the organic solvent is used in a mixture, the mixture ratio can be controlled in accordance with a desirable battery performance.
    [0088] The carbonate-based solvent may include a mixture of a cyclic carbonate and a chain carbonate.
    [0089] The cyclic carbonate and the chain carbonate are mixed together at a volume ratio of about 1 : 1 to about 1 : 9, and when the mixture is used as an electrolyte, the electrolyte performance may be enhanced.
    [0090] The non-aqueous organic solvent of the present disclosure may further include an aromatic hydrocarbon-based organic solvent in addition to the carbonate based solvent. In this case, the carbonate-based solvent and the aromatic hydrocarbon-based organic solvent may be mixed in a volume ratio of about 1: 1 to about 30: 1.
    [0091] As the aromatic hydrocarbon-based organic solvent, an aromatic hydrocarbon-based compound of Chemical Formula 4 may be used.
    [0092] In Chemical Formula 4, R1 to R6 are independently selected from hydrogen, a halogen, a C1 to C10 alkyl group, a haloalkyl group, and a combination thereof.
    [0093] Specific examples of aromatic hydrocarbon-based organic solvent may be selected from benzene, fluorobenzene, 1,2-difluorobenzene, 1,3-difluorobenzene, 1,4-difluorobenzene, 1,2,3-trifluorobenzene, 1,2,4-trifluorobenzene, chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, iodobenzene, 1,2-diiodobenzene, 1,3-diiodobenzene, 1,4-diiodobenzene, 1,2,3-triiodobenzene, 1,2,4-triiodobenzene, toluene, fluorotoluene, 2,3-difluorotoluene, 2,4-difluorotoluene, 2,5-difluorotoluene, 2,3,4-trifluorotoluene, 2,3,5-trifluorotoluene, chlorotoluene, 2,3-dichlorotoluene, 2,4-dichlorotoluene, 2,5-dichlorotoluene, 2,3,4-trichlorotoluene, 2,3,5-trichlorotoluene, iodotoluene, 2,3-diiodotoluene, 2,4-diiodotoluene, 2,5-diiodotoluene, 2,3,4-triiodotoluene, 2,3,5-triiodotoluene, xylene, and a combination thereof.
    [0094] The non-aqueous electrolyte may further include vinylene carbonate or an ethylene carbonate-based compound of Chemical Formula 5 in order to improve cycle-life of a battery.
    [0095] In Chemical Formula 5, R7 and R8 may independently be selected from hydrogen, a halogen group, a cyano group (CN), a nitro group (NO2), and a fluorinated C1 to C5 alkyl group, and R7 and R8 are not all hydrogen.
    [0096] Examples of the ethylene carbonate-based compound may be difluoro ethylenecarbonate, chloroethylene carbonate, dichloroethylene carbonate, bromoethylene carbonate, dibromoethylene carbonate, nitroethylene carbonate, cyanoethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, and the like. The amount of the cycle-life improvement additive may be used within an appropriate range.
    [0097] The lithium salt according to an embodiment dissolved in an organic solvent supplies a battery with lithium ions, basically operates the rechargeable lithium battery, and improves transportation of the lithium ions between a positive electrode and a negative electrode. Examples of the lithium salt include at least one supporting salt selected from LiPF6, LiBF4, LiSbF6, LiAsF6, LiN(SO2C2F5)2, Li(CF3SO2)2N, LiN(SO3C2F5)2, Li(FSO2)2N, LiC4F9SO3, LiClO4, LiAlO2, LiAlCl4, LiN(CxF2x+1SO2)(CyF2y+1SO2), (wherein, x and y are natural numbers), LiCI, Lil, and LiB(C2O4)2 (lithium bis(oxalato) borate, LiBOB). A concentration of the lithium salt may range from about 0.1 M to about 2.0 M. When the lithium salt is included at the above concentration range, an electrolyte may have excellent performance and lithium ion mobility due to optimal electrolyte conductivity and viscosity.
    [0098] A separator may be disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The separator may be selected from, for example, a glass fiber, polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, or a combination thereof, and may be in the form of a non-woven fabric or a woven fabric. For example, for the rechargeable lithium battery, a polyolefin-based polymer separator such as polyethylene, polypropylene or the like is mainly used. In order to ensure the heat resistance or mechanical strength, a coated separator including a ceramic component or a polymer material may be used. Optionally, it may have a mono-layered or multi-layered structure.
    [0099] A rechargeable lithium battery may be classified into a lithium ion battery, a lithium ion polymer battery, and a lithium polymer battery depending on kinds of a separator and an electrolyte. It also may be classified to be cylindrical, prismatic, coin-type, pouch-type, and the like depending on shape. In addition, it may be bulk type and thin film type depending on sizes. Structures and manufacturing methods for these batteries pertaining to this disclosure are well known in the art.
    [0100] Hereinafter, as an example of a rechargeable lithium battery, a cylindrical rechargeable lithium battery is for example described.
    [0101] FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a rechargeable lithium battery according to an embodiment.
    [0102] Referring to FIG. 1, a rechargeable lithium battery 21 according to an embodiment includes a battery cell including a negative electrode 22, a positive electrode 23 facing the negative electrode 22, and a separator 24 disposed between the negative electrode 22 and the positive electrode 23, and an electrolyte (not shown) impregnating the negative electrode 22, the positive electrode 23, and the separator 24, a battery case 25 including the battery cell, and a cap assembly 26 sealing the battery case 25.
    [0103] Hereinafter, the above aspects of the present disclosure are illustrated in more detail with reference to examples. However, the present disclosure is not limited to these examples. Examples Example 1
    [0104] NiSO4, CoSO4, and MnSO4 were prepared into each aqueous solution of a concentration of 1.5 M, and amounts of the aqueous solutions were adjusted for a synthesis of a compound having a composition of Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1(OH)2 and then, put in a co-precipitation reactor to synthesize co-precipitation precipitates. Herein, an ammonia aqueous solution was added thereto to form a complex compound, and pH was adjusted to 11 by adjusting a concentration of the ammonia aqueous solution and an amount of sodium hydroxide to uniformly grow the co-precipitation precipitates. When the co-precipitation precipitates had an average particle diameter of 10 µm to 12 µm and tap density of 2.2 g/cc, a reaction was stopped, and the co-precipitation precipitates were separated. Subsequently, the co-precipitation precipitates were heat-treated (dried) in a 120°C vacuum oven for 10 hours to prepare a transition metal hydroxide precursor having the composition of Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1(OH)2.
    [0105] After first mixing 0.2 mol% of MgSO4 with the transition metal hydroxide precursor, a lithium compound (lithium hydroxide : lithium carbonate were mixed in a mole ratio of 1.0 : 0.5) was mixed therewith in a Li/(Ni+Co+Mn) mole ratio of 1.01 and then, heat-treated at 850 °C under an oxidizing gas atmosphere including oxygen of 80 to 100 volume% for 20 hours to prepare a positive active material.
    [0106] As for the positive active material, a primary particle was a polycrystal consisting of 2 to 3 single crystals and had a particle diameter of 3 µm to 5 µm, wherein the single crystals had a particle diameter of 2 µm to 3 µm, a secondary particle having a particle diameter of greater than or equal to 10 µm, and the composition was Li1.01Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2. On the other hand, these were measured based on the cross section of the secondary particle.
    [0107] The positive active material, a carbon conductive material (Denka Black, Denka Korea Co., Ltd.), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) were mixed in a weight ratio of 94:3:3, and the mixture was mixed with N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) to prepare slurry. On a 15 µm-thick aluminium current collector, the slurry was bar-coated and dried and then, dried again at 120 °C under vacuum, compressed, and punched to manufacture a 45 µm-thick positive electrode plate.
    [0108] The positive electrode plate and a lithium metal as a counter electrode were used, a PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) separator was disposed between the positive electrode and the counter electrode, and an electrolyte was impregnated thereinto to manufacture a coin cell. Herein, the electrolyte was prepared by mixing 1.3 M of LiPF6 with a mixed solvent of EC (ethylene carbonate), DEC (diethyl carbonate), and EMC (ethylmethyl carbonate) (a volume ratio of 2:4:4). Comparative Example 1
    [0109] NiSO4, CoSO4, and MnSO4 were respectively prepared into an aqueous solution of each concentration of 1.5 M, and an amount of the aqueous solution was adjusted for a synthesis of a compound having a composition of Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1(OH)2 and then, put in a co-precipitation reactor to synthesize co-precipitation precipitates. Herein, in order to form a complex compound, an ammonia aqueous solution was added thereto, and pH thereof was controlled by adjusting the concentration of the ammonia aqueous solution and an amount of sodium hydroxide in order to uniformly grow the co-precipitation precipitates. When the co-precipitation precipitates had an average particle diameter of 5 µm to 7 µm and tap density of 2.0 g/cc, a reaction was stopped, and the co-precipitation precipitates were separated. Subsequently, the co-precipitation precipitates were heat-treated (dried) in a 120 °C vacuum oven for 10 hours to prepare a transition metal hydroxide precursor having the composition of Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1(OH)2.
    [0110] The transition metal hydroxide precursor was mixed with a lithium compound (lithium hydroxide : lithium carbonate were mixed with a mole ratio of 1.0 : 0.5) in a Li/(Ni+Co+Mn) mole ratio of 1.01 and then, heat-treated at 900 °C under an oxidizing gas atmosphere including oxygen of 80 to 100 volume% for 20 hours to prepare a positive active material.
    [0111] As for the positive active material consisted, a primary particle was a single crystal having a particle diameter of 3 µm to 5 µm, a secondary particle had a particle diameter of 5 µm to 7 µm, and a composition thereof was Li1.01Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2. On the other hand, these were measured based on the cross section of the secondary particle.A coin cell was manufactured according to the same method as Example 1 except that the prepared positive active material was used. Comparative Example 2
    [0112] NiSO4, CoSO4, and MnSO4 were prepared into an aqueous solution of each concentration of 1 M to 2 M, and the aqueous solution was adjusted for a synthesis of a compound having a composition of Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1(OH)2 and then, put in a co-precipitation reactor to synthesize co-precipitation precipitates. Herein, an ammonia aqueous solution was added thereto to form a complex compound, wherein a concentration of the ammonia aqueous solution and an amount of sodium hydroxide were adjusted to control pH, so that the co-precipitation precipitates might uniformly grow. When the co-precipitation precipitates had an average particle diameter of 10 µm to 12 µm and tap density of 2.0 g/cc, a reaction was stopped, and the co-precipitation precipitates were separated. Subsequently, the co-precipitation precipitates were heat-treated (dried) in a 120°C vacuum oven for 10 hours to prepare a transition metal hydroxide precursor having the composition of Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1(OH)2.
    [0113] The transition metal hydroxide precursor was mixed with a lithium compound (a mole ratio of lithium hydroxide : lithium carbonate = 1.0 : 0.5) in a Li/(Ni+Co+Mn) mole ratio of 1.01 and then, heat-treated at 850 °C under an oxidizing gas atmosphere including oxygen of 80 to 100 volume% for 20 hours to prepare a positive active material.
    [0114] As for the positive active material, a primary particle was a single crystal having a particle diameter of 0.5 µm, a secondary particle had a particle diameter of greater than or equal to 10 µm, and had a composition thereof was Li1.01Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2. On the other hand, these were measured based on the cross section of the secondary particle.
    [0115] A coin cell was manufactured according to the same method as Example 1 except that this positive active material was used.
    [0116] The positive active materials according to Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 were measured with respect to a particle diameter of the secondary particles, a particle diameter of the primary particles, and the number and a size of single crystals forming polycrystalline primary particles, and the compositions, which are shown in Table 1. On the other hand, the results shown in Table 1 are measured based on the cross section of the secondary particles. (Table 1) Single crystal Primary particle Secondary particle Particle diameter (µm) Composition Particle diameter (µm) The number of single crystals Particle diameter (µm) Example 1 2 to 3 Li1.01Ni0.8Co0. 3-5 2 to 5 10 or more Comparative Example 1 3 to 5 1Mn0.1O2 3-5 1 5 to 7 Comparative Example 2 0.5 0.5 1 10 or more Evaluation Example 1: EBSD (Electron Backscatter Diffraction) Analysis and SEM (Scanning electron microscope) Analysis
    [0117] An EBSD analysis and a SEM analysis were performed with respect to the positive active materials according to Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2.
    [0118] The EBSD analysis was performed by using Bruker QUANTAX EBSD (Electron Backscatter Diffraction), and specimens used herein were ion-milled through CP (Cross-sectional Polisher, Ilion+, Gatan Inc.). EBSD was measured by using an e-flash HR EBSD detector (made by Bruker Corp.) at an acceleration voltage of 20 keV. EBSD images of the positive active materials of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 are respectively shown in FIGS. 2A, 3A, and 4A.
    [0119] SEM images of the positive active materials according to Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 are respectively shown in FIGS. 2B, 3B, and 4B.
    [0120] EBSD (Electron Backscatter Diffraction) is a crystal orientation analysis method positioned between XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) analysis and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) analysis, which is performed to confirm crystal orientation (orientation information) forming a refined structure of a material. Compared with the XRD analysis of measuring all orientation distribution of the material, the EBSD analysis measures not a whole bulk of the material but a local cross section, the surface, and the like, and compared with the TEM analysis, precision and resolution of the EBSD analysis were a little deteriorated, but EBSD shows the orientation distribution of crystals inside a particle in a SEM examination region.
    [0121] Referring to FIGS. 2A and 2B, comparing the EBSD and SEM images of the positive active material according to Example 1, the secondary particles had a particle diameter of greater than or equal to 10 µm, the primary particles had a particle diameter of 3 µm to 5 µm, a polycrystalline primary particle composed of 2 to 5 (single oriented) single crystals were included, and the single crystals had an average particle diameter of 2 µm to 3 µm. Specifically, in FIG. 2A, arrow marks showed a polycrystalline primary particle composed of two single crystals (a1 and a2, or b1 and b2) and in addition, a polycrystalline primary particle composed of 3 single crystals (c1, c2, and c3).
    [0122] On the contrary, referring to FIGS. 3A and 3B, comparing the EBSD and SEM images of the positive active material according to Comparative Example 1, the secondary particles had a particle diameter of 5 µm to 7 µm, and most of the primary particles were composed of one single crystal (one primary particle was one single crystal) and had an average particle diameter of 3 µm to 5 µm.
    [0123] Referring to FIGS. 4A and 4B, comparing the EBSD and SEM images of the positive active material according to Comparative Example 2, the secondary particles had a particle diameter of greater than equal to 10 µm, and most of primary particles were composed of one single crystal and had an average particle diameter of less than 1 µm (about 0.5 µm).Evaluation Example 2: Mixture Density of Positive Active Material
    [0124] Each mixture density of the positive active materials according to Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 was measured.
    [0125] The mixture density was measured and recorded within a range of 3.0000 g (an error range ± 0.0004 g) of the positive active materials.
    [0126] Specifically, the positive active materials were respectively maintained under a presser of 3 tons for 30 seconds by using a 13 mm-sized KBr pellet die and then, measured with respect to a decreased height and then, a weight per volume, which were converted into density, and the results are shown in Table 2. (Table 2) Mixture density (g/cm3) Example 1 3.6 Comparative Example 1 3.5 Comparative Example 2 3.5
    [0127] Referring to Table 2, mixture density of the positive active material according to Example 1 was improved compared with those of Comparative Examples 1 and 2.Evaluation Example 3: XRD (X-ray diffraction) Analysis
    [0128] The XRD analysis of the positive active material powders according to Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 and the XRD analysis in the positive electrode plates were performed.
    [0129] Specifically, peak intensity I(003) with respect to a (003) plane, peak intensity 1(104) with respect to a (104) plane, and peak intensity 1(101) with respect to a (101) plane were respectively measured, and peak intensity ratios I(003)/I(101) and I(003)/I(104) were calculated therefrom and shown in Table 3.
    [0130] The XRD analysis was performed by using Xpert PRO, Philips / Power 3kW and a CuK-alpha characteristic X ray wavelength of 1.541 Å as an excitation source, and a Rietveld analysis was performed. (Table 3) Peak intensity ratio I(003)/I(101) (positive active material) Peak intensity ratio I(003)/I(104) (positive active material) Peak intensity ratio I(003)/I(104) (positive electrode plate) Example 1 10.2356 1.7212 4.3491 Comparative Example 1 8.9755 1.4949 3.7124 Comparative Example 2 8.9773 1.5535 1.7000
    [0131] Referring to Table 3, the peak intensity ratios of the positive active material and the positive electrode plate of Example 1 were all higher than those of Comparative Examples 1 and 2. As a result, the positive active material of Example 1 exhibited improved structural stability, and expansion and shrinkage rates thereof were expected to be reduced unlike the positive active materials of Comparative Examples 1 and 2.Evaluation Example 4: High Temperature Gas Generation Amount
    [0132] The coin cells according to Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 were respectively constant current-charged at a current of a 0.1 C rate up to a voltage of 4.3 V (vs. Li) at room temperature (25 °C) at the 1st cycle and subsequently, cut off at a current of a 0.05 C rate while maintained at 4.3 V in a constant voltage mode. Subsequently, the cells were discharged at a constant current of a 0.1 C rate down to a voltage of 3.0 V (vs. Li). At the 2nd cycle, the coin cells were constant current-charged at a current of a 0.1 C rate up to a voltage of 4.3 V (vs. Li) at 25 °C and subsequently, cut off at a current of a 0.05 C rate while maintained at 4.3 V in a constant voltage mode and then, disassembled, and the electrode plates taken therefrom were respectively put in a pouch with an electrolyte solution, and mass changes due to pouch volume changes while stored in an 80 °C oven were converted in an Archimedes method, and the results are shown in FIG. 5.
    [0133] Referring to FIG. 5, the coin cell of Example 1 exhibited greatly reduced gas generation amount compared with those of Comparative Examples 1 and 2.Evaluation Example 5: Evaluation of High-temperature Cycle-life Characteristics
    [0134] The coin cells of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 after the 1st cycle in Evaluation Example 4 were constant current-charged at a current of a 1.0 C rate up to a voltage of 4.30 V (vs. Li) at 45 °C and subsequently, cut off at a current of a 0.05 C rate while maintained at 4.30 V in a constant voltage mode. Subsequently, the coin cells were discharged down to a voltage of 3.0 V (vs. Li) at a constant current of a 1.0 C, and this charge and discharge cycle was repeated up to the 100th cycle. In all the charge and discharge cycles, a pause was set for 10 minutes after each charge/discharge cycle. The charge and discharge experiment results and 100th cycle capacity retentions are shown in Table 4. (Table 4) Discharge capacity at 1st cycle (mAh/g) Discharge capacity at 100th cycle (mAh/g) Capacity retention at 100th cycle (%) Example 1 196 174 88.8 Comparative Example 1 193 163 84.5 Comparative Example 2 200 130 65.0
    [0135] Referring to Table 4, the coin cell of Example 1 exhibited improved high temperature discharge capacity and high temperature cycle-life characteristics compared with the coin cells of Comparative Examples 1 and 2.Evaluation Example 6: Evaluation of High-voltage Cycle-life Characteristics
    [0136] The coin cells of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 after the 1st cycle in Evaluation Example 4 were constant current-charged at a current of a 1.0 C rate up to a voltage of 4.45 V (vs. Li) at 25 °C and subsequently, cut-off at a current of a 0.05 C rate while maintained at 4.45 V in a constant voltage mode in order to compare material characteristics depending on a high voltage. Subsequently, the coin cells were discharged down to a voltage of 3.0 V (vs. Li) at a constant current of a 1.0 C rate, and this charge and discharge were repeated up to the 100th cycle. In all the charge and discharge cycles, a 10 minutes' pause was set after each charge/discharge cycle. The charge and discharge experiment result and capacity retentions at the 100th cycle are shown in Table 5. (Table 5) Discharge capacity at 1st cycle (mAh/g) Discharge capacity at 100th cycle (mAh/g) Capacity retention at 100th cycle (%) Example 1 205 189 92.2 Comparative Example 1 203 183 90.1 Comparative Example 2 211 161 76.3
    [0137] Referring to Table 5, the coin cell of Example 1 exhibited improved high voltage discharge capacity and high voltage cycle-life characteristics compared with the coin cells of Comparative Examples 1 and 2.
    [0138] While this invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be practical example embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. On the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the scope of the appended claims. <Description of symbols>
    [0139] 21:rechargeable lithium battery22:negative electrode23:positive electrode24:separator25:battery case26:cap assembly
    权利要求:
    Claims (15)
    [0001] A positive active material for a rechargeable lithium battery, comprisingnickel-based lithium transition metal oxide secondary particles in which a plurality of primary particles are aggregated,wherein the primary particles comprise polycrystalline primary particles composed of 2 to 10 single crystals, andthe single crystal has a particle diameter of 0.5 µm to 3 µm.
    [0002] A positive active material according to claim 1, wherein the polycrystalline primary particles are included in 30% or more relative to the total number of the primary particles.
    [0003] A positive active material according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the primary particle has a particle diameter of 2 µm to 5 µm.
    [0004] A positive active material according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the secondary particle has a particle diameter of 10 µm to 40 µm.
    [0005] A positive active material according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein a peak intensity ratio I(003)/I(101) measured by an X-ray diffraction analysis of the positive active material is 9 to 11.
    [0006] A positive active material according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein a peak intensity ratio I(003)/I(104) measured by an X-ray diffraction analysis of the positive active material is 1.6 to 2.0, anda peak intensity ratio I(003)/I(104) measured by an X-ray diffraction analysis of a electrode plate including the positive active material is 3.8 to 4.5.
    [0007] A positive active material according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the nickel-based lithium transition metal oxide is represented by Chemical Formula 1:         [Chemical Formula 1]     LixNi1-a-b-cCoaMnbMcO2 wherein, in Chemical Formula 1,0.9≤x≤1.2, 0<a≤0.4, 0≤b≤0.4, 0≤c≤0.1, andM is at least one element selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, W, Zn, Al, Si, Cr, Fe, V, and a rare earth element.
    [0008] A positive active material according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the nickel-based lithium transition metal oxide comprises LiNi0.9Co0.08Al0.02O2, LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2, LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2, LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2, Li1.01Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2, or a combination thereof.
    [0009] A method of preparing a positive active material for a rechargeable lithium battery, comprisingmixing an aqueous solution including a nickel compound and a cobalt compound with a basic solution, performing a co-precipitation reaction followed by drying the resultant to prepare a transition metal precursor; andmixing the transition metal precursor, a lithium compound, and an inert surfactant and performing heat-treatment to prepare a positive active material according to any one of claims 1 to 8.
    [0010] A method according to claim 9, wherein the transition metal precursor has a tap density of greater than 2.0 g/cm3 and less than or equal to 2.5 g/cm3.
    [0011] A method according to claim 9 or claim 10, wherein the transition metal precursor is a compound represented by Chemical Formula 2, Chemical Formula 3, or a combination thereof:         [Chemical Formula 2]     LixNi1-a-b-cCoaMnbMc(OH)2          [Chemical Formula 3]     LixNi1-a-b-cCoaMnbMcOwherein, in Chemical Formula 2 and Chemical Formula 3,0.9≤x≤1.2, 0<a≤0.4, 0≤b≤0.4, 0≤c≤0.1, andM is at least one element selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, W, Zn, Al, Si, Cr, Fe, V, and a rare earth element.
    [0012] A method according to any one of claims 9 to 11, wherein the transition metal precursor and the lithium compound are mixed so that a Li/metal (transition metal except Li) mole ratio is greater than 1.0 and less than 1.1.
    [0013] A method according to any one of claims 9 to 11, wherein the lithium compound is lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, lithium sulfate, lithium nitrate, or a combination thereof.
    [0014] A method according to any one of claims 9 to 13, wherein:
    the inert surfactant is included in an amount of less than or equal to 1 part by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the transition metal precursor; and/or
    the heat-treatment is maintained for 15 hours to 25 hours at a temperature of greater than 800 °C and less than 900 °C.
    [0015] A rechargeable lithium battery comprisinga positive electrode including the positive active material according to any one of claims 1 to 8;a negative electrode including a negative active material; andan electrolyte.
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